{"title":"Darlington Arrays \u0026 Relay Driver ICs — ULN2003, ULN2004, ULN2001","description":"\u003ch2\u003eDarlington Array \u0026amp; Relay Driver ICs — ULN2003, ULN2004, ULN2001\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eDarlington transistor array ICs are the simplest and most reliable way to drive high-current loads (relays, solenoids, stepper motors, LEDs) directly from microcontroller GPIO pins. A single GPIO pin (limited to 20–40mA) cannot drive a relay coil directly — a Darlington array IC provides the current amplification needed, with built-in flyback diodes to protect against inductive voltage spikes. The \u003cstrong\u003eULN2003\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eULN2004\u003c\/strong\u003e are the most widely used relay driver ICs in the world, found in countless Arduino relay boards, stepper motor drivers, and industrial control systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eAvailable Darlington Array ICs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A (DIP-16 \/ SOP-16):\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 channels, TTL\/CMOS input (5V), 50V\/500mA per channel — the standard relay driver for 5V Arduino and microcontroller systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2004A (DIP-16 \/ SOP-16):\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 channels, PMOS\/CMOS input (5V–15V), 50V\/500mA per channel — for higher-voltage logic inputs and CMOS systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2001 (SOP-8):\u003c\/strong\u003e 3 channels, compact SMD package — for space-constrained PCBs needing 3 or fewer drive outputs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eULN2003 vs ULN2004 — Input Voltage Selection\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003:\u003c\/strong\u003e Input threshold optimized for 5V TTL\/CMOS — use with Arduino (5V), Raspberry Pi (3.3V with pull-up), and standard 5V microcontrollers\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2004:\u003c\/strong\u003e Input threshold optimized for 5V–15V PMOS\/CMOS — use with higher-voltage logic or when driving from 12V logic signals\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoth have identical output specifications: 50V, 500mA per channel, built-in flyback diodes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino relay control:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive 5V or 12V relay coils from Arduino GPIO pins\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStepper motor driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive unipolar stepper motor coils (28BYJ-48 uses ULN2003)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolenoid valve control:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive solenoid valves and actuators from microcontroller outputs\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLED array driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive high-current LED strings beyond GPIO current limits\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial output module:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive industrial loads from PLC digital outputs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAll Darlington array ICs are new, original parts with built-in flyback diodes. Available in DIP-16, SOP-16, and SOP-8 packages.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"mic5891-high-voltage-8-bit-shift-register","title":"MIC5891 High-Voltage 8-Bit Shift Register IC DIP-16 — 50V \/ 500mA, Darlington Output, Arduino","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMIC5891 High-Voltage 8-Bit Shift Register — 50V \/ 500mA Darlington Output, DIP-16\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eMIC5891\u003c\/strong\u003e is a high-side 8-bit serial-in \/ parallel-out shift register with integrated Darlington transistor output drivers, capable of sourcing up to \u003cstrong\u003e500mA at 50V per channel\u003c\/strong\u003e. Think of it as a 74HC595 with built-in power transistors — it accepts serial data from a microcontroller and drives high-voltage, high-current loads directly, without external transistors or driver ICs. It is the definitive solution for driving large common-cathode 7-segment LED displays, relay arrays, solenoids, and other high-power loads from a single SPI-compatible interface.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Features\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e8-bit serial-in \/ parallel-out\u003c\/strong\u003e — SPI-compatible, 3-wire interface (DATA, CLOCK, LATCH)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-side Darlington outputs\u003c\/strong\u003e — sources up to 500mA @ 50V per channel\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLogic supply:\u003c\/strong\u003e 4.5–15V — 5V logic compatible\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLoad supply:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5–50V — drives high-voltage displays and loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in inductive load suppression diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e — relay and solenoid protection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDaisy-chainable\u003c\/strong\u003e — cascade multiple MIC5891s for more outputs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePWM brightness control\u003c\/strong\u003e via OE (Output Enable) pin\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDIP-16 package\u003c\/strong\u003e — breadboard and through-hole PCB compatible\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTechnical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogic Operating Voltage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4.5–15V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoad Operating Voltage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5–50V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinuous Output Current\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA per channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterface\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSerial SPI (DATA, CLOCK, LATCH, OE)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Type\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh-side Darlington (open emitter)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePackage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-16 (through-hole)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMicrochip Technology\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eMIC5891 vs 74HC595\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e74HC595:\u003c\/strong\u003e Logic-level outputs only (max ~35mA @ 5V) — requires external transistors for power loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMIC5891 (this):\u003c\/strong\u003e Integrated Darlington drivers — drives 500mA @ 50V directly, no external transistors needed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarge common-cathode 7-segment LED displays (4″–6″ digits requiring 5–15V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelay array control from Arduino \/ microcontroller\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolenoid valve driver (with built-in suppression diodes)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh-power LED matrix driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustrial output expansion for PLCs and embedded controllers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMotor driver enable\/disable control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eArduino Wiring (Basic)\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 2 (CLOCK)\u003c\/strong\u003e → Arduino digital pin\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 3 (DATA IN)\u003c\/strong\u003e → Arduino digital pin\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 4 (LATCH)\u003c\/strong\u003e → Arduino digital pin\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 14 (OE)\u003c\/strong\u003e → Arduino PWM pin (LOW = outputs enabled; PWM = brightness control)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVDD (logic)\u003c\/strong\u003e → 5V | \u003cstrong\u003eVbb (load)\u003c\/strong\u003e → load supply voltage (5–50V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGND\u003c\/strong\u003e → common ground\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e1 × MIC5891 High-Voltage 8-Bit Shift Register (DIP-16, Microchip Technology)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/ww1.microchip.com\/downloads\/en\/DeviceDoc\/20005638A.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eMIC5891 Datasheet (Microchip PDF)\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45674474635499,"sku":"","price":6.97,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/MIC5891N-HV-8-Bit-Shift-Register-1.jpg?v=1723007334"},{"product_id":"tip120-npn-darlington-power-transistor-60v-5a","title":"TIP120 NPN Darlington Power Transistor 60V\/5A","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTIP120 NPN Darlington Power Transistor — 60V \/ 5A \/ hFE≥1000, TO-220\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe TIP120 is a classic NPN Darlington power transistor in TO-220 package, combining two transistors in a Darlington pair configuration to achieve a very high current gain (hFE ≥ 1000). This means a tiny base current of just 1–5mA from an Arduino GPIO pin can switch up to 5A of collector current — making it one of the simplest ways to control medium-power loads (motors, fans, solenoids, high-power LEDs) directly from a microcontroller without any additional driver IC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile MOSFETs have largely replaced Darlington transistors in new designs due to lower saturation voltage and faster switching, the TIP120 remains popular for its simplicity, robustness, and the fact that it can be driven directly from any MCU GPIO with just a single base resistor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/strong\u003e Fairchild \/ ON Semiconductor \/ ST Microelectronics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e TIP120\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eType:\u003c\/strong\u003e NPN Darlington power transistor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePackage:\u003c\/strong\u003e TO-220 (through-hole)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCollector-Emitter Voltage (Vceo):\u003c\/strong\u003e 60V\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCollector-Base Voltage (Vcbo):\u003c\/strong\u003e 60V\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eContinuous Collector Current (Ic):\u003c\/strong\u003e 5A\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeak Collector Current (Ic peak):\u003c\/strong\u003e 8A\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDC Current Gain (hFE):\u003c\/strong\u003e ≥1000 (Darlington pair)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSaturation Voltage (Vce(sat)):\u003c\/strong\u003e ~2V @ 3A (higher than MOSFET Rds(on) × I)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOperating Temperature:\u003c\/strong\u003e −65°C to +150°C\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTO-220 Pinout\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 1 (left):\u003c\/strong\u003e Base (B)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 2 (center):\u003c\/strong\u003e Collector (C) — connects to load\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePin 3 (right):\u003c\/strong\u003e Emitter (E) — connects to GND\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTab (metal):\u003c\/strong\u003e Collector (C)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eArduino Motor\/Fan Control Wiring\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBase (B) → Arduino PWM pin via 1kΩ resistor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollector (C) → Motor\/fan negative terminal (or load negative)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmitter (E) → GND\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMotor\/fan positive → 12V supply (up to 60V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdd 1N4001 flyback diode across motor (cathode to 12V, anode to Collector)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl speed: \u003ccode\u003eanalogWrite(pin, 0–255);\u003c\/code\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNo pull-down needed — transistor is OFF when base is at 0V\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eBase Resistor Calculation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo saturate the TIP120 at 5A collector current with hFE=1000, minimum base current = 5A \/ 1000 = 5mA. For 5V GPIO: Rb = (5V − 1.4V) \/ 5mA = 720Ω. A 1kΩ resistor provides ~3.6mA base current — sufficient for loads up to ~3.6A. For full 5A, use 680Ω.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTIP120 vs. Power MOSFET (IRFZ44N)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTIP120 advantage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Simpler drive circuit (single base resistor), no gate driver needed, more forgiving of gate\/base voltage spikes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTIP120 disadvantage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vce(sat) ≈ 2V at 3A — significant power dissipation (P = Vce × Ic = 2V × 3A = 6W). MOSFET Rds(on) × I² is typically much lower.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIRFZ44N advantage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rds(on) = 17.5mΩ — at 5A, P = 0.0175 × 25 = 0.44W vs. TIP120’s ~10W. Far more efficient at high current.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eUse TIP120 when:\u003c\/strong\u003e Simplicity matters more than efficiency; load current ≤2A; switching frequency is low (\u0026lt;1kHz)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eUse MOSFET when:\u003c\/strong\u003e Efficiency matters; current \u0026gt;2A; high-frequency PWM (\u0026gt;1kHz)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArduino PWM DC motor speed control (12V, up to 5A)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e12V fan speed control with potentiometer or MCU PWM\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolenoid valve driver (12V\/24V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh-power LED driver (12V, up to 5A)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelay coil driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeneral-purpose NPN power switch for loads up to 60V\/5A\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1 × TIP120 NPN Darlington power transistor, TO-220\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45674493149419,"sku":"","price":4.22,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/TIP120-Darlington-Transistor.jpg?v=1723007262"},{"product_id":"uln2003a-7-channel-darlington-driver","title":"ULN2003A 7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC DIP-16 — 500mA \/ 50V, Relay \u0026 Stepper Driver","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2003A — 7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array, DIP-16\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A\u003c\/strong\u003e is the world's most widely used driver IC for interfacing microcontrollers to high-current loads. Its 7 NPN Darlington channels each sink up to \u003cstrong\u003e500mA at 50V\u003c\/strong\u003e, with built-in flyback diodes on every output for inductive load protection. It is the standard driver for \u003cstrong\u003e28BYJ-48 stepper motors\u003c\/strong\u003e (the most popular Arduino stepper motor), relay boards, solenoids, and high-power LED arrays — all without external transistors or diodes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ULN2003A's inputs are directly compatible with 5V TTL and CMOS logic, making it a plug-and-play interface between Arduino GPIO pins and high-current loads. Its DIP-16 package is breadboard-compatible for easy prototyping.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Features\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e7 independent Darlington channels\u003c\/strong\u003e — each rated 500mA @ 50V\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in flyback diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e on all outputs — relay and solenoid protection included\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5V TTL\/CMOS compatible inputs\u003c\/strong\u003e — direct connection to Arduino, ESP32, Raspberry Pi GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eActive-low outputs\u003c\/strong\u003e — output sinks current when input is HIGH\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard driver for 28BYJ-48 stepper motor\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNo external components required\u003c\/strong\u003e for basic relay\/solenoid driving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDIP-16 package\u003c\/strong\u003e — breadboard and through-hole PCB compatible\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoHS compliant\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTechnical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChannels\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Voltage (max)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Current (per channel)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA continuous\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInput Voltage (logic HIGH)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2.4V – 5V (TTL\/CMOS compatible)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlyback Diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBuilt-in on all 7 outputs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Type\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOpen-collector (active-low sink)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePackage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-16 (through-hole)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTexas Instruments \/ STMicroelectronics \/ Toshiba\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eULN2003A vs ULN2803A\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A (this):\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 channels, DIP-16 — standard for 28BYJ-48 stepper motors, 7-segment displays, 7-relay boards\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2803A:\u003c\/strong\u003e 8 channels, DIP-18 — preferred for 8-relay boards and full-byte I\/O driving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e28BYJ-48 stepper motor driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — the standard driver IC for this popular Arduino stepper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRelay board driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — drive 7 relays from a single IC with built-in flyback protection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolenoid valve array\u003c\/strong\u003e — control 7 solenoids from Arduino or PLC output\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-power LED driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — drive 7 high-current LEDs or LED segments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon-anode 7-segment display digit driver\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput expander\u003c\/strong\u003e — extend microcontroller I\/O to drive 7 high-current loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e1 × ULN2003A 7-Channel Darlington Array IC (DIP-16)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/uln2003a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eULN2003A Datasheet (Texas Instruments PDF)\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45674498392299,"sku":"","price":4.22,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/ULN2003-Darlington-Transistor-Array-1.jpg?v=1723007236"},{"product_id":"uln2803a-8-channel-darlington-driver","title":"ULN2803A 8-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC DIP-18 — 500mA \/ 50V, Arduino Relay Driver","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2803A — 8-Channel Darlington Transistor Array, DIP-18\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2803A\u003c\/strong\u003e is an 8-channel NPN Darlington transistor array IC — the most widely used driver IC for interfacing microcontrollers to high-current loads. Each of its 8 channels can sink up to \u003cstrong\u003e500mA at 50V\u003c\/strong\u003e, with built-in flyback diodes on every output for inductive load protection. Connect any 8 Arduino or microcontroller GPIO pins to the inputs, and the ULN2803A drives 8 relays, solenoids, stepper motor coils, or high-power LEDs simultaneously — no external transistors, no external diodes, no additional components required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ULN2803A is the 8-channel version of the popular ULN2003A (7-channel). Its DIP-18 package is breadboard-compatible, and its 5V-compatible inputs work directly with Arduino, ESP32, STM32, and Raspberry Pi GPIO pins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Features\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e8 independent Darlington channels\u003c\/strong\u003e — each rated 500mA @ 50V\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in flyback diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e on all outputs — relay and solenoid protection included\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5V logic compatible inputs\u003c\/strong\u003e — direct connection to Arduino, ESP32, Raspberry Pi GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eActive-low outputs\u003c\/strong\u003e — output sinks current when input is HIGH\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNo external components required\u003c\/strong\u003e for basic relay\/solenoid driving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDIP-18 package\u003c\/strong\u003e — breadboard and through-hole PCB compatible\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoHS compliant\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTechnical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChannels\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Voltage (max)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Current (per channel)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA continuous\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInput Voltage (logic HIGH)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2.4V – 5V (TTL\/CMOS compatible)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInput Current (per channel)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1mA @ 5V input\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlyback Diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBuilt-in on all 8 outputs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Type\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOpen-collector (active-low sink)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePackage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-18 (through-hole)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacturer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTexas Instruments \/ STMicroelectronics \/ Toshiba\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eULN2803A vs ULN2003A\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A:\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 channels, DIP-16 — standard choice for 7-segment displays and 7-coil stepper motors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2803A (this):\u003c\/strong\u003e 8 channels, DIP-18 — preferred for 8-relay boards, 8-channel output expanders, and full-byte I\/O driving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRelay board driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — drive 8 relays from a single IC with built-in flyback protection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStepper motor driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — drive bipolar or unipolar stepper motor coils (4-coil motors)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolenoid valve array\u003c\/strong\u003e — control 8 solenoids from Arduino or PLC output\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-power LED driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — drive 8 high-current LEDs or LED segments\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e7-segment display driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — common-anode display digit driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput expander\u003c\/strong\u003e — extend microcontroller I\/O to drive 8 high-current loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eArduino Wiring (Basic Relay Driver)\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eULN2803A inputs (pins 1–8) → Arduino digital pins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eULN2803A COM pin (pin 10) → relay coil positive supply (5V or 12V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eULN2803A outputs (pins 11–18) → relay coil negative terminals\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArduino GND → ULN2803A GND (pin 9)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNo external diodes needed — flyback diodes are built in\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e1 × ULN2803A 8-Channel Darlington Array IC (DIP-18)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/uln2803a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eULN2803A Datasheet (Texas Instruments PDF)\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45674499342571,"sku":"","price":1.97,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/ULN2803-Darlington-Transistor-Array-1.jpg?v=1723007229"},{"product_id":"stepper-motor-with-uln2003a-driver-board","title":"Stepper Motor with ULN2003A Driver Board","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmall unipolar stepper motor comes with a ULN2003A driver board\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese are small unipolar stepper motors that come with a ULN2003A driver board that work well for smaller applications such as opening and closing a vent or to experiment with stepper motors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePACKAGE INCLUDES:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e28BYJ-48 unipolar stepper motor with built-in cable\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eULN2003 driver board\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKEY FEATURES OF STEPPER MOTOR WITH ULN2003A DRIVER BOARD:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCompact size\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnipolar \/ 4-phase operation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5mm shaft\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e64:1 gear reduction for good torque capability\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5V operation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most useful aspect of stepper motors compared to other motors is that the position of the motor shaft can be controlled directly in discrete steps without requiring some type of feedback mechanism to determine position as would be required with something like a standard DC motor.  Other benefits are that they are relatively precise in their movement, they tend to be fairly reliable since they do not use contact brushes in the motor and they generally have good torque even at stand-still which is maintained as long as power is supplied to the motor.  The main downside is that they are a bit power hungry and will consume power even when they are not moving.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStepper motors work by converting electrical pulses into discrete increments of rotation of their shaft.  The motor is 4-phase and requires 4 control inputs.  Pulsing these inputs has several effects on the motor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sequence of the applied pulses determines the direction that the motor shaft turns.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe frequency of the input pulses determines the speed that the shaft turns.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe number of the input pulses determines how far the shaft turns.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe motors are model 28BYJ-48 and operate at 5VDC.  The shaft is 5mm with two flat sides.  They have a 64:1 gear reduction, so they have pretty good torque capability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePower draw is approximately 240mA.  Power is drawn whether the motor is turning or not in order to hold its position, so the motor will be slightly warm whenever power is applied.  Because of the fairly high power draw, it is best to power the stepper motors directly from a 5V power supply rather than drawing that power from the MCU board that is driving it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe motor comes with a ULN2003A based driver board.  The ULN2003A is a 7 channel darlington transistor driver of which 4 channels are used on this board.  The board has 4 LEDs that show activity on the 4 control input lines.  It has 2 connectors for making connections as follows:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMotor \/ Driver Connections:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 x 6 Header\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVDD\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Connect to 5V power supply.  Due to high current draw, this should come directly from a power supply and not a microcontroller board.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIN1\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Digital input 1 – Connect to a digital output pin on the MCU.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIN2\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Digital input 2 – Connect to a digital output pin on the MCU.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIN3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Digital input 3 – Connect to a digital output pin on the MCU.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIN4\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Digital input 4 – Connect to a digital output pin on the MCU.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGND\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e– Connect to ground\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 x 5 White Connector\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis is where the motor plugs into.  The connector is keyed, so it only goes in one way.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOUR EVALUATION RESULTS:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese stepper motors are designed and used for small industrial applications such as opening and closing vanes.  They are a nice inexpensive way to learn about stepper motors and will work fine for many applications that don’t require absolute precision or huge torque loads.  Having the driver electronics make them straightforward to use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen using with an Arduino, the stepper.h library is built into the IDE and makes it straight forward to control stepper motors such as these.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe program below is a simple test program.  It moves the stepper in both directions and then allows the stepper to be controlled using a potentiometer attached to the Analog 0 pin.  Any other analog sensor could be used.  For instance, using an analog temperature sensor, the stepper could be used to open\/close vanes on an air vent to control temperature in a greenhouse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe command  \u003cstrong\u003estepper(STEPS, 8, 10, 9, 11);\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis used by the stepper library to define which digital pins the motor is connected to on the Arduino.  These can be any 4 digital pins, but we use 8, 9, 10 and 11 in this example.  Note that we have these defined out of sequence based on the wiring to the motor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIN1 = D8\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIN2 = D9\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIN3 = D10\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIN4 = D11\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most likely issue to run into is that the stepper only runs in one direction.  That generally indicates that the wiring to the 4-phases of the motor may be different.  If that happens you can try changing the ordering of the pin assignments in that command.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStepper Motor with ULN2003A Test Program\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre class=\"copy-the-code-target\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\/*\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e * Stepper Motor Test\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e *\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e * Run the stepper motor CW and CCW one turn to verify wiring\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e * then have the stepper motor follow the rotation of a potentiometer\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e *\/\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan\u003e#include\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan\u003e#define\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSTEPS\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e2048\u003c\/span\u003e   \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ change this to the number of steps on your motor\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/ create an instance of the stepper class with the number of steps of the motor\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/ and the pins it's attached to.  Note the odd non-sequential pin ordering\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cspan\u003estepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSTEPS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan\u003eint\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eADCPin\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e       \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Analog pin that potentiometer is connected to.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eint\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eprev\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e         \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Variable to hold the previous reading from analog input\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eint\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003ediff\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e         \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Variable to hold difference between new and previous readings\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/===============================================================================\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Initialization\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/===============================================================================\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003evoid\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003esetup\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e{\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerial\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ebegin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e9600\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n  \u003cspan\u003estepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003esetSpeed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e         \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ set the speed of the motor to 12 RPMs\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n  \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ Run this sequence one time to test the basic motor operation\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerial\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eprintln\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\"counterclockwise\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003estepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003estep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSTEPS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e        \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ step one revolution in one direction:\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003edelay\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e500\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n  \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerial\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eprintln\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\"clockwise\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003estepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003estep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSTEPS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e         \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ step one revolution in the other direction:\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003edelay\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e500\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e}\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/===============================================================================\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Main\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\/\/===============================================================================\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003evoid\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eloop\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e{\u003c\/span\u003e\n   \n  \u003cspan\u003eint\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eanalogRead\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eADCPin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e   \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ get the sensor value from the pot\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \n  \u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e                  \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ADC range is 0-1023.  Double to match # steps in stepper\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n  \u003cspan\u003ediff\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eprev\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e              \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Calculate the difference between the readings\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003ediff\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eabs\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ediff\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e               \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Convert any negative number to positive\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003eif\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ediff\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e{\u003c\/span\u003e                \u003cspan\u003e\/\/  Look for a decent size change to ignore noise on the ADC\u003c\/span\u003e\n     \u003cspan\u003estepper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003estep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eprev\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e    \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ move a number of steps equal to the change in the pot\u003c\/span\u003e\n     \u003cspan\u003eprev\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e=\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e                  \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ remember the previous value of the sensor\u003c\/span\u003e\n     \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerial\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eprint\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\"Pot = \"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e      \u003cspan\u003e\/\/ Print the ADC value we are reacting to\u003c\/span\u003e\n     \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSerial\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eprintln\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eval\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003e}\u003c\/span\u003e\n  \u003cspan\u003edelay\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e}\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"copy-the-code-button\" data-style=\"svg-icon\" title=\"Copy\"\u003e\u003csvg aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" class=\"copy-icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" fill=\"currentColor\" focusable=\"false\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003c\/svg\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003c\/pre\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBEFORE THEY ARE SHIPPED, THESE MOTORS ARE:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSample inspected and tested per incoming shipment.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes: \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ci\u003eNone\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"table table-hover\" width=\"778\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotor Model\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e28BYJ-48\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperating Ratings\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e Voltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e5VDC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e240mA (typical)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNumber of phases\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGear Reduction Ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e64:1\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDimensions\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e Cable Length\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e 24cm  (9.5″)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e Motor Housing Diameter\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e28mm (1.1″)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003e Motor Height (minus shaft)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e20mm (0.8″)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003eMotor Housing with Mounting Ears\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e42mm (1.7″)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003eShaft diameter\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e5mm (3mm on flat sides)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003eShaft length\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e8mm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"145\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"264\"\u003eDriver Board (L x W)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"229\"\u003e25 x 18mm (1 x 0.7″)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c!----\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45681606263019,"sku":"","price":7.37,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/Stepper-Motor-with-ULN2003A-Driver-1.jpg?v=1722237689"},{"product_id":"uln2001-3-channel-darlington-transistor-array-sop8-50v-500ma-flyback-diodes-10pack","title":"ULN2001 3-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC — SOP-8, 50V 500mA, Flyback Diodes (10-Pack)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2001 3-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC — SOP-8, 50V \/ 500mA, Flyback Diodes (10-Pack)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2001\u003c\/strong\u003e is a 3-channel NPN Darlington transistor array in SOP-8 package, designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, stepper motor coils, solenoid valves, and LED arrays directly from TTL or CMOS logic outputs. Built-in flyback diodes on each channel protect the IC from inductive voltage spikes, eliminating the need for external protection diodes. This 10-pack is ideal for prototyping stock and production use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2001 \/ ULN2001A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eChannels\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3 (independent NPN Darlington pairs)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMax Collector Voltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMax Collector Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA per channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eInput Compatibility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTTL and CMOS logic\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFlyback Diodes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBuilt-in (one per channel)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVCE Saturation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1V (at 350mA)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOperating Temperature\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-40°C to +85°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePack Quantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10 pieces\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eULN2001 vs ULN2003 vs ULN2803\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIC\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eChannels\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePackage\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBest For\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2001\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCompact 3-channel SMD designs\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2003\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-16 \/ SOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStepper motor, 7-segment display\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2803\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-18 \/ SOP-18\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh-channel-count relay arrays\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose ULN2001?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eSOP-8 package\u003c\/strong\u003e — compact SMD footprint for space-constrained PCBs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in flyback diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e — no external protection diodes needed for relay\/solenoid driving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eTTL\/CMOS compatible input\u003c\/strong\u003e — directly driven by Arduino, ESP32, STM32 GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003e500mA per channel\u003c\/strong\u003e — sufficient for small relays and solenoids\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003e10-pack value\u003c\/strong\u003e — ideal for prototyping and production stock\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelay driver from Arduino \/ MCU GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStepper motor coil driver (3-phase)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolenoid valve driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLED array high-current driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDC motor driver (low current)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e10 × ULN2001 SOP-8 Darlington Transistor Array IC\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46991436185835,"sku":"\u003cnone\u003e","price":8.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/uln2001-sop8-three-channel-relay-driver-ic-chip.webp?v=1761879908"},{"product_id":"uln2004-uln2004a-7ch-darlington-array-ic-sop16-smd-10pcs","title":"ULN2004 \/ ULN2004A 7-Channel Darlington Array IC SOP-16 SMD – Pack of 10","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2004 \/ ULN2004A 7-Channel Darlington Array IC – SOP-16 SMD, Pack of 10\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2004 \/ ULN2004A\u003c\/strong\u003e in SOP-16 is the surface-mount version of the classic DIP-16 Darlington array – seven high-voltage, high-current NPN Darlington transistor pairs in a compact SMD package, each capable of sinking 500mA at up to 50V. Built-in flyback diodes protect against inductive load transients from relays, solenoids, and motors. The ULN2004A variant is specifically optimized for PMOS and CMOS logic inputs (5V–15V), making it the correct choice for driving loads from Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and 5V microcontroller GPIO. This 10-piece SOP-16 pack is ideal for PCB production and repair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eElectrical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e ULN2004 \/ ULN2004A \/ TD62004AF (SOP-16)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePackage:\u003c\/strong\u003e SOP-16 (SMD, 1.27mm pitch)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eChannels:\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 (independent NPN Darlington pairs)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Voltage (max):\u003c\/strong\u003e 50V\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Current (per channel):\u003c\/strong\u003e 500mA (continuous), 600mA (peak)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInput Voltage (logic HIGH):\u003c\/strong\u003e 5V – 15V (PMOS\/CMOS compatible)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in Input Resistor:\u003c\/strong\u003e 10.5kΩ per channel\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in Flyback Diodes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Yes (COM pin to load supply)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVCE Saturation:\u003c\/strong\u003e ~1V at 350mA\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOperating Temperature:\u003c\/strong\u003e −40°C to +85°C\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eSOP-16 vs DIP-16 – Package Selection\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2004A (DIP-16):\u003c\/strong\u003e Through-hole, breadboard and through-hole PCB use\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2004 (SOP-16):\u003c\/strong\u003e SMD surface-mount, for PCB production and space-constrained designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eFunctionally identical – same electrical specifications, different package\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eChoose SOP-16 for PCB production; choose DIP-16 for prototyping and repair\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRelay driver PCBs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive 5V–12V relay coils from microcontroller GPIO on PCB designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStepper motor driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive unipolar stepper motor coils from MCU\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolenoid valve control:\u003c\/strong\u003e Industrial and automotive solenoid driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-current LED arrays:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive LED strips and arrays beyond GPIO limits\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial I\/O:\u003c\/strong\u003e Interface 5V logic to 12V\/24V industrial loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePCB repair:\u003c\/strong\u003e SMD replacement for failed ULN2004 in consumer electronics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e10 × ULN2004 \/ ULN2004A SOP-16 7-channel Darlington array ICs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSeven channels, 500mA each, built-in flyback diodes in a compact SOP-16 SMD package – the ULN2004 is the essential relay and motor driver IC for PCB production and surface-mount designs.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46991445655787,"sku":"\u003cnone\u003e","price":9.44,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/uln2004-uln2004a-sop16-darlington-array-ic.webp?v=1761806213"},{"product_id":"uln2004a-uln2004an-7ch-darlington-array-ic-dip16-5pcs","title":"ULN2004A \/ ULN2004AN 7-Channel Darlington Array IC DIP-16 – Pack of 5","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2004A \/ ULN2004AN 7-Channel Darlington Array IC – DIP-16, Pack of 5\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2004A \/ ULN2004AN\u003c\/strong\u003e is a 7-channel high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array IC – the go-to solution for driving relays, stepper motors, solenoids, and high-current LEDs directly from microcontroller GPIO pins. Each of the 7 channels can sink up to 500mA at 50V, with built-in flyback diodes for inductive load protection. The ULN2004A is specifically designed for PMOS and CMOS logic inputs (5V–15V), making it the correct choice for driving loads from Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and 5V microcontroller outputs. This 5-piece DIP-16 pack is a workshop essential.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eElectrical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e ULN2004A \/ ULN2004AN \/ ULN2004APG \/ TD62004\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePackage:\u003c\/strong\u003e DIP-16 (through-hole, 2.54mm pitch)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eChannels:\u003c\/strong\u003e 7 (independent NPN Darlington pairs)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Voltage (max):\u003c\/strong\u003e 50V\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Current (per channel):\u003c\/strong\u003e 500mA (continuous), 600mA (peak)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Output Current:\u003c\/strong\u003e 2.5A (all channels simultaneously)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInput Voltage (logic HIGH):\u003c\/strong\u003e 5V – 15V (PMOS\/CMOS compatible)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInput Resistor:\u003c\/strong\u003e Built-in 10.5kΩ series resistor per channel\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlyback Diodes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Built-in (COM pin connects to supply for inductive loads)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSaturation Voltage (VCE sat):\u003c\/strong\u003e ~1V at 350mA\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOperating Temperature:\u003c\/strong\u003e −40°C to +85°C\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eULN2004A vs ULN2003A – Input Compatibility\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A:\u003c\/strong\u003e Designed for 5V TTL and CMOS inputs (input resistor: 2.7kΩ)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2004A:\u003c\/strong\u003e Designed for PMOS and CMOS inputs 5V–15V (input resistor: 10.5kΩ) – better for 5V Arduino GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoth have identical output specifications (500mA, 50V, 7 channels)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse ULN2004A for Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and 5V microcontroller GPIO outputs\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse ULN2003A for 5V TTL logic outputs or when lower input threshold is needed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003ePin Configuration (DIP-16)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePins 1–7: Input channels IN1–IN7 (logic input, active HIGH)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePin 8: GND (emitter common)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePin 9: COM (flyback diode common – connect to load supply voltage)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePins 10–16: Output channels OUT7–OUT1 (open-collector, active LOW sink)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRelay driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive 5V–12V relay coils directly from Arduino GPIO (most common use)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStepper motor driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive unipolar stepper motor coils from microcontroller\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSolenoid driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Control solenoid valves and actuators\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-current LED driver:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive LED arrays beyond GPIO current limits\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMotor control:\u003c\/strong\u003e Drive small DC motors via PWM from microcontroller\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLevel shifting:\u003c\/strong\u003e Interface 5V logic to 12V or 24V industrial loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e5 × ULN2004A \/ ULN2004AN DIP-16 7-channel Darlington array ICs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSeven channels, 500mA each, built-in flyback diodes – the ULN2004A is the simplest and most reliable way to drive relays, stepper motors, and high-current loads from Arduino and microcontroller GPIO pins.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46991448604907,"sku":"\u003cnone\u003e","price":9.08,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/uln2004a-uln2004an-dip-16-darlington-array-ic.webp?v=1761802651"},{"product_id":"mx612e-brushed-dc-motor-driver-sop8-1-2s-lipo-dual-hbridge-5pack","title":"MX612E Brushed DC Motor Driver IC — SOP-8, 1–2S Li-ion, Dual H-Bridge (5-Pack)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMX612E Brushed DC Motor Driver IC — SOP-8, 1–2S Li-ion, Dual H-Bridge\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe MX612E is a dual H-bridge brushed DC motor driver IC in a compact SOP-8 package, optimized for 1–2S lithium battery-powered applications. It integrates two full H-bridges capable of driving two DC motors independently or one stepper motor, with built-in protection for over-current, over-temperature, and under-voltage lockout (UVLO).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8 (SMD)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSupply Voltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2.5–8.5V (1–2S Li-ion)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOutput Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1.2A continuous per channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eH-Bridge Channels\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 (dual H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProtection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOCP, OTP, UVLO\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLogic Input\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3.3V \/ 5V compatible\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQuantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5 pieces\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose MX612E?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDual H-bridge\u003c\/strong\u003e — drives two DC motors or one stepper independently\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1–2S Li-ion optimized\u003c\/strong\u003e — ideal for RC toys, drones, and portable robotics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSOP-8 compact package\u003c\/strong\u003e — minimal PCB footprint for space-constrained designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in protection\u003c\/strong\u003e — OCP\/OTP\/UVLO prevents damage under fault conditions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e3.3V\/5V logic\u003c\/strong\u003e — direct MCU GPIO control without level shifters\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRC toy car and robot motor control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiniature drone actuator drive\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePortable robotic arm control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCompact stepper motor driver\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBattery-powered embedded motor systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e5× MX612E Brushed DC Motor Driver IC (SOP-8)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46991456108779,"sku":"\u003cnone\u003e","price":8.44,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/mx612e-sop-8-brushed-dc-motor-driver-ic-1-2s-lithium.webp?v=1761800380"},{"product_id":"mx612-mx612e-mx08h-mx08-brushed-dc-motor-driver-ic-sop8-h-bridge-5pack","title":"MX612 \/ MX612E \/ MX08H \/ MX08 Brushed DC Motor Driver IC — SOP-8, H-Bridge (5-Pack)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMX612 \/ MX612E \/ MX08H \/ MX08 Brushed DC Motor Driver IC — SOP-8, H-Bridge (5-Pack)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe MX612, MX612E, MX08H, and MX08 are SOP-8 H-bridge motor driver ICs designed for bidirectional control of small brushed DC motors. Integrating four power MOSFETs in a full H-bridge configuration with logic-level control inputs, they enable forward, reverse, brake, and coast operation from a single SOP-8 package. Suitable for Arduino and ESP32 robotics projects requiring compact SMD motor drive without external discrete MOSFETs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8 (SMD)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTopology\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFull H-bridge (4 integrated MOSFETs)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMotor Type\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBrushed DC motor (bidirectional)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eControl Interface\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLogic-level inputs (IN1, IN2) + PWM enable\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProtection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThermal shutdown, overcurrent protection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOperating Temperature\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-40°C to +85°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQuantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5 pieces\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eVariant Overview\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePart Number\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eKey Feature\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBest For\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX612\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStandard H-bridge motor driver\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGeneral small DC motor control\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX612E\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEnhanced version, lower RDS(on)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigher efficiency motor drive\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX08H\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh-current variant\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigher-torque small motors\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX08\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStandard variant\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGeneral robotics and toy motor control\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose MX612 \/ MX08H?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated H-bridge\u003c\/strong\u003e — no external MOSFETs or diodes needed, minimal BOM\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSOP-8 compact package\u003c\/strong\u003e — small footprint for compact robot and toy PCB designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLogic-level control\u003c\/strong\u003e — directly controlled by Arduino\/ESP32 GPIO pins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePWM speed control\u003c\/strong\u003e — enable pin accepts PWM for variable motor speed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eThermal + OCP protection\u003c\/strong\u003e — prevents damage from motor stall or overload\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eCompatible With \/ Common Use Cases\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino robot car\u003c\/strong\u003e: Two MX612 ICs for left and right motor drive on a 2WD robot chassis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eESP32 motor control\u003c\/strong\u003e: PWM speed control via ESP32 LEDC peripheral + direction via GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eToy motor repair\u003c\/strong\u003e: Replacement for failed H-bridge IC in RC toys and small appliances\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConveyor belt control\u003c\/strong\u003e: Small DC motor bidirectional drive for miniature conveyor systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCamera gimbal\u003c\/strong\u003e: Brushed DC motor drive for 2-axis gimbal stabilization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: How do I control motor direction and speed with MX612 from Arduino?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Connect IN1 and IN2 to two Arduino digital pins, EN (enable) to a PWM-capable pin. For forward: IN1=HIGH, IN2=LOW, EN=PWM duty cycle (0–255). For reverse: IN1=LOW, IN2=HIGH, EN=PWM. For brake: IN1=HIGH, IN2=HIGH. For coast: EN=LOW. Use \u003ccode\u003eanalogWrite(enPin, speed)\u003c\/code\u003e for speed control.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: What is the maximum motor current for MX612?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Refer to the MX612 datasheet for the exact continuous current rating — typically 1–2A for SOP-8 H-bridge ICs. For motors drawing more than 1A, use a higher-current driver (L298N for up to 2A per channel, DRV8833 for up to 1.5A, TB6612FNG for up to 1.2A). Always check the motor stall current against the driver rating.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Can MX612E replace L9110S or DRV8833 in an existing design?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Only if the pinout and voltage\/current ratings match. SOP-8 H-bridge ICs are not universally pin-compatible. L9110S, DRV8833, and MX612 have different pinouts. Always compare datasheets before substituting. For a well-documented alternative, DRV8833 (TI) or TB6612FNG (Toshiba) have extensive application notes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e5× MX612 \/ MX612E \/ MX08H \/ MX08 Brushed DC Motor Driver IC (SOP-8) — variant as selected\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"MX612E","offer_id":46991464464619,"sku":"14:1202#MX612E","price":5.36,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX08H","offer_id":46991464497387,"sku":"14:350852#MX08H","price":5.48,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/mx612-mx612e-mx08h-sop8-motor-driver-ic.webp?v=1761720420"},{"product_id":"mx-series-motor-driver-ic-kit-mx302-mx612e-mx1515h-mx1616h-sot23-sop8-sop16-5pack","title":"MX Series Motor Driver IC Kit — MX302\/MX612E\/MX1515H\/MX1616H, SOT-23\/SOP-8\/SOP-16 (5-Pack)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMX Series Motor Driver IC Kit — MX302 \/ MX612E \/ MX1515H \/ MX1616H, SOT-23 \/ SOP-8 \/ SOP-16 (5-Pack)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis kit covers the MX series of brushed DC motor driver ICs from MPS (Monolithic Power Systems) and compatible manufacturers, spanning SOT-23-6, SOP-8, and SOP-16 packages. From the compact MX302 (SOT-23-6, low current) to the high-current MX1616H (SOP-16, dual H-bridge), these ICs provide integrated H-bridge motor drive with logic-level control, PWM speed control, and built-in protection for a wide range of robotics, toy, and embedded motor control applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eVariant Overview\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePart Number\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePackage\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eChannels\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMax Current\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eBest For\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX302\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOT-23-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 (half-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~0.5A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMicro motor, vibration motor\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX08H \/ MX08\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 (full H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSmall DC motor, fan\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX608E\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 (full H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1.5A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMedium DC motor\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX612E \/ MX612\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1 (full H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRobot motor, conveyor\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX113L\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGeneral motor drive\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX2003\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh-efficiency motor drive\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX116H\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 (dual H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1A\/ch\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2-motor robot chassis\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX512H\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 (dual H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1.5A\/ch\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2-motor robot chassis\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX1515H\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 (dual H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1.5A\/ch\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2WD robot, stepper motor\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMX1616H\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2 (dual H-bridge)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2A\/ch\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh-current 2-motor drive\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications (All Variants)\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackages\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOT-23-6, SOP-8, SOP-16 (SMD)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTopology\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eH-bridge (full or half, variant dependent)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eControl\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLogic-level IN1\/IN2 + PWM enable\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProtection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThermal shutdown, OCP, UVLO\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOperating Temperature\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-40°C to +85°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQuantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5 pieces\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose MX Series?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFull range coverage\u003c\/strong\u003e — from micro SOT-23-6 to dual SOP-16, one kit covers all motor sizes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated H-bridge\u003c\/strong\u003e — no external MOSFETs or diodes needed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLogic-level + PWM control\u003c\/strong\u003e — direct Arduino\/ESP32 GPIO drive with analogWrite() speed control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in protection\u003c\/strong\u003e — thermal shutdown and OCP prevent damage from stall or overload\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5-pack value\u003c\/strong\u003e — multiple variants for different motor sizes in one purchase\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eCompatible With \/ Common Use Cases\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino 2WD robot\u003c\/strong\u003e: MX1616H (dual H-bridge, SOP-16) drives both left and right motors from one IC\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eESP32 robot car\u003c\/strong\u003e: MX612E (SOP-8) per motor with PWM speed control via LEDC peripheral\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStepper motor (unipolar)\u003c\/strong\u003e: MX1515H dual H-bridge for 4-wire stepper motor drive\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eToy motor repair\u003c\/strong\u003e: MX08H\/MX612E replacement for failed H-bridge IC in RC toys\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVibration motor\u003c\/strong\u003e: MX302 (SOT-23-6) for compact haptic feedback motor drive\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: What is the difference between MX1515H and MX1616H?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Both are dual H-bridge SOP-16 motor driver ICs. MX1616H has a higher continuous current rating (~2A per channel vs ~1.5A for MX1515H) and lower RDS(on). Use MX1616H for higher-torque motors or when running near the current limit. Both use the same logic-level IN1\/IN2\/PWM control interface and are pin-compatible.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: How do I control two motors with MX1616H from Arduino?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Connect STBY to VCC (enable), AIN1\/AIN2 to Arduino digital pins for motor A direction, PWMA to a PWM pin for motor A speed. Repeat BIN1\/BIN2\/PWMB for motor B. Use \u003ccode\u003eanalogWrite(PWMA, speed)\u003c\/code\u003e for speed control (0–255). For forward: AIN1=HIGH, AIN2=LOW. For reverse: AIN1=LOW, AIN2=HIGH.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Can MX1515H replace TB6612FNG in an existing design?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: MX1515H and TB6612FNG are functionally similar dual H-bridge ICs in SOP-16, but their pinouts differ. Do not substitute without verifying pin-by-pin compatibility against both datasheets. For a well-documented drop-in alternative to TB6612FNG, use the TB6612FNG itself or DRV8833.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e5× MX Series Motor Driver IC (variant as selected)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"MX116H  SOT-23-6","offer_id":46991464693995,"sku":"14:29#MX116H  SOT-23-6","price":5.84,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX512H   SOP-8","offer_id":46991464726763,"sku":"14:94#MX512H   SOP-8","price":24.28,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX1515H  SOP-16","offer_id":46991464759531,"sku":"14:173#MX1515H  SOP-16","price":18.56,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX1616H  SOP-16","offer_id":46991464792299,"sku":"14:175#MX1616H  SOP-16","price":11.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX302   SOP-8","offer_id":46991464825067,"sku":"14:1202#MX302   SOP-8","price":8.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX08H  SOP-8","offer_id":46991464857835,"sku":"14:350852#MX08H  SOP-8","price":6.24,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX608E  SOP-8","offer_id":46991464890603,"sku":"14:351074#MX608E  SOP-8","price":8.36,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX612E  SOP-8","offer_id":46991464923371,"sku":"14:4044226#MX612E  SOP-8","price":8.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX113L  SOT-23-6","offer_id":46991464956139,"sku":"14:201659813#MX113L  SOT-23-6","price":5.68,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"MX2003  SOP-16","offer_id":46991464988907,"sku":"14:10#MX2003  SOP-16","price":12.52,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/mx-series-ic-chip-set-sot23-6-sop8-sop16.webp?v=1761720100"},{"product_id":"28byj-48-5v-stepper-motor-uln2003-driver-4phase-4096-steps-arduino","title":"28BYJ-48 5V Stepper Motor with ULN2003 Driver Module — 4-Phase, 4096 Steps\/Rev, Arduino","description":"\u003ch2\u003e28BYJ-48 5V Stepper Motor with ULN2003 Driver Module — 4-Phase, 4096 Steps\/Rev, Arduino\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 28BYJ-48 is a 5V unipolar 4-phase stepper motor with a 1:64 gear reduction, providing 4096 steps per revolution (in half-step mode) and 5.625° per step (full-step). The included ULN2003 driver board uses four ULN2003A Darlington transistor arrays to drive the motor’s four coils directly from Arduino or ESP32 GPIO pins. This is the most popular stepper motor kit for Arduino beginners, providing precise angular positioning for clock mechanisms, camera sliders, valve actuators, and educational robotics projects.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMotor Model\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e28BYJ-48\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSupply Voltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5V DC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePhase\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4-phase unipolar\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStep Angle (full-step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5.625° (64 steps\/rev before gear)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGear Ratio\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:64 (approximately)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSteps per Revolution (half-step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4096 steps (64 × 64 × 2)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo-Load Speed\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~15 RPM (at 5V, half-step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCoil Resistance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~50Ω per phase\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDriver Board\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2003A (4-channel Darlington array)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDriver Input\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4 GPIO pins (IN1–IN4)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003e28BYJ-48 vs NEMA 17 — Which Stepper?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFeature\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e28BYJ-48 + ULN2003\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eNEMA 17 + A4988\/DRV8825\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVoltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e12–24V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTorque\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLow (~34mN·m)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigh (~40–65 N·cm)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSteps\/rev\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4096 (half-step, with gear)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e200 (1.8°\/step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSpeed\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSlow (~15 RPM)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFast (up to 1000+ RPM)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDriver cost\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVery low (ULN2003)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigher (A4988, DRV8825)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBest for\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLow-torque precision positioning, education\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3D printer, CNC, high-torque applications\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose 28BYJ-48 + ULN2003?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e4096 steps\/rev\u003c\/strong\u003e — extremely fine angular resolution for clock hands, camera sliders, and valve control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5V operation\u003c\/strong\u003e — powered directly from Arduino 5V pin or USB power bank\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003 driver included\u003c\/strong\u003e — no additional motor driver IC needed, plug-and-play with Arduino\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGear reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e — 1:64 gear ratio multiplies torque for driving small loads\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino Stepper library\u003c\/strong\u003e — built-in library support, beginner-friendly\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eCompatible With\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino UNO\/Nano\u003c\/strong\u003e: Arduino Stepper library or AccelStepper library — connect IN1–IN4 to 4 digital pins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eESP32 \/ ESP8266\u003c\/strong\u003e: AccelStepper library at 3.3V GPIO (ULN2003 input accepts 3.3V)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRaspberry Pi\u003c\/strong\u003e: RPi.GPIO with 4-pin step sequence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMicroPython\u003c\/strong\u003e: machine.Pin + manual step sequence or stepper library\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: How do I control 28BYJ-48 with Arduino?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Connect IN1–IN4 on the ULN2003 board to Arduino pins D8–D11. Connect motor power (5V) to Arduino 5V and GND to GND. Use the AccelStepper library: \u003ccode\u003eAccelStepper stepper(AccelStepper::HALF4WIRE, 8, 10, 9, 11); stepper.setMaxSpeed(500); stepper.setAcceleration(100); stepper.moveTo(4096);\u003c\/code\u003e 4096 steps = 1 full revolution in half-step mode.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Why is my 28BYJ-48 vibrating but not rotating?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: The most common cause is incorrect step sequence. The 28BYJ-48 requires a specific 4-phase step sequence (IN1→IN2→IN3→IN4 or half-step equivalent). If using the Arduino Stepper library, use pin order: IN1, IN3, IN2, IN4 (not IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4). The AccelStepper library with HALF4WIRE mode handles this automatically.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Can I run 28BYJ-48 faster than 15 RPM?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: The 28BYJ-48 is limited to ~15 RPM at 5V in half-step mode due to the gear ratio and coil inductance. Running faster causes missed steps and loss of torque. For higher speed, use full-step mode (~30 RPM, lower resolution) or switch to a NEMA 17 stepper with A4988 driver for applications requiring speed above 30 RPM.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× 28BYJ-48 5V 4-Phase Stepper Motor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× ULN2003 Driver Board (with LED indicators for each phase)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× Connecting cable (motor to driver board)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"module","offer_id":46991466823915,"sku":"14:10#module","price":4.88,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Motor","offer_id":46991466856683,"sku":"14:350852#Motor","price":7.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"motor with module","offer_id":46991466889451,"sku":"14:29#motor with module","price":8.2,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/5v-stepper-motor-28byj48-uln2003-driver-module.webp?v=1761719300"},{"product_id":"mjd127g-to252-pnp-darlington-transistor-tip127-mjd127-5pcs","title":"MJD127G TO-252 PNP Darlington Transistor — TIP127 \/ MJD127 Series (5pcs)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eMJD127G — TO-252 PNP Darlington Transistor (TIP127 \/ MJD127 Series)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eMJD127G\u003c\/strong\u003e is a \u003cstrong\u003ePNP Darlington transistor\u003c\/strong\u003e in compact \u003cstrong\u003eTO-252 SMD package\u003c\/strong\u003e, part of the \u003cstrong\u003eTIP127 \/ MJD127 series\u003c\/strong\u003e. With a collector current of \u003cstrong\u003e5A\u003c\/strong\u003e, collector-emitter voltage of \u003cstrong\u003e100V\u003c\/strong\u003e, and Darlington gain exceeding \u003cstrong\u003ehFE \u0026gt; 1000\u003c\/strong\u003e, it's ideal for high-current switching, motor drivers, and relay drivers controlled by low-current microcontroller signals. This listing provides \u003cstrong\u003e5 pieces\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePart Numbers\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMJD127G \/ MJD127 \/ TIP127 (equiv.)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eType\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePNP Darlington BJT\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTO-252 (D-PAK, SMD)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCollector-Emitter Voltage (Vceo)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e100V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCollector Current (Ic)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5A (continuous)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePower Dissipation (Pd)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20W (with heatsink\/PCB copper)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDC Current Gain (hFE)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;1000 (Darlington)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSaturation Voltage (Vce(sat))\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2V @ 3A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBuilt-in Flyback Diode\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eYes (base-emitter)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOperating Temperature\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-55°C to +150°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQuantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5 PCS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eMJD127 vs TIP127 Comparison\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFeature\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMJD127G (TO-252)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTIP127 (TO-220)\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTO-252 SMD\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTO-220 Through-hole\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVceo\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e100V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e100V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIc\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePd\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20W\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e65W (with heatsink)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePCB Mount\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSMD (compact)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThrough-hole\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose MJD127G?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eDarlington gain hFE \u0026gt; 1000\u003c\/strong\u003e — 5A load switched by \u0026lt;5mA base current from MCU GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eTO-252 SMD package\u003c\/strong\u003e — compact footprint, PCB-mountable without heatsink at moderate currents\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003e100V Vceo\u003c\/strong\u003e — handles inductive load voltage spikes safely\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in flyback diode\u003c\/strong\u003e — protects against inductive kickback from motors and relays\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e✅ \u003cstrong\u003eTIP127 pin-compatible\u003c\/strong\u003e — SMD equivalent for existing TIP127 designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eCompatible With \/ Works With\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArduino\/ESP32 GPIO high-current switching (5V\/3.3V base drive)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelay coil driver (12V relay, 100mA coil current)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDC motor driver (low-speed, low-current motors up to 5A)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLED array driver (high-current LED matrix, common-anode)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComplementary NPN pair: MJD117G (NPN Darlington, TO-252)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRelay Driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — Arduino GPIO drives 12V relay coil via MJD127G PNP switch\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMotor Driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — high-side PNP switch for DC motor in H-bridge configuration\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLED Array Driver\u003c\/strong\u003e — common-anode LED matrix row driver with 5A capability\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLoad Switch\u003c\/strong\u003e — high-side switch for 12V\/24V loads controlled by 3.3V MCU\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAudio Power Stage\u003c\/strong\u003e — PNP output transistor in class-AB amplifier\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFAQ\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Can MJD127G replace TIP127 directly?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Electrically yes — same Vceo, Ic, and hFE. Package differs: MJD127G is TO-252 (SMD), TIP127 is TO-220 (through-hole). Use MJD127G for SMD PCB designs; TIP127 for through-hole or breadboard.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Does MJD127G need a base resistor when driven from Arduino?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Yes. Calculate base resistor: Rb = (Vcc - Vbe) \/ Ib. For 5V Arduino driving 1A load: Ib = 1A \/ 1000 = 1mA, Rb = (5V - 1.4V) \/ 1mA = 3.6kΩ. Use 3.3kΩ or 4.7kΩ.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: What is the Vce(sat) of MJD127G?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: ~2V at 3A (Darlington transistors have higher saturation voltage than single BJTs). For low-dropout switching, consider a MOSFET (IRF4905 P-channel) instead.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e5× MJD127G TO-252 PNP Darlington Transistor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46991482585323,"sku":"\u003cnone\u003e","price":5.88,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/mjd127g-to252-pnp-transistor.webp?v=1761545038"},{"product_id":"28byj-48-5v-stepper-motor-uln2003-driver-module-arduino-pic-avr","title":"28BYJ-48 5V Stepper Motor with ULN2003 Driver Module — 4-Phase, Arduino, PIC, AVR","description":"\u003ch2\u003e28BYJ-48 5V Stepper Motor with ULN2003 Driver Board — 4-Phase, Arduino \/ PIC \/ AVR\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003e28BYJ-48\u003c\/strong\u003e is a 4-phase, 5-wire unipolar stepper motor with a built-in \u003cstrong\u003e1:64 gear reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e, providing precise low-speed rotation ideal for Arduino positioning projects. Paired with the \u003cstrong\u003eULN2003 driver board\u003c\/strong\u003e, it connects directly to any 5V microcontroller GPIO without additional power components.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMotor Model\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e28BYJ-48\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSupply Voltage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5V DC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePhase Configuration\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4-phase, unipolar\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStep Angle (no gear)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5.625° \/ step\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGear Ratio\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:64 (63.68:1 actual)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSteps per Revolution (full step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2048 steps @ output shaft\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo-Load Speed\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~15 RPM @ 5V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCoil Resistance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~50Ω per phase\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCoil Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~100mA per phase\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDriver IC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2003A (Darlington array)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDriver Input\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4 digital pins (IN1–IN4)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eStep Modes\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMode\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSteps\/Rev\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTorque\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eResolution\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFull Step (4-step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2048\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHigher\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0.176°\/step\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHalf Step (8-step)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4096\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLower\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0.088°\/step\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose 28BYJ-48 + ULN2003?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1:64 Gear Reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e — High torque at low speed; holds position without power (detent torque)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e2048 Steps\/Rev\u003c\/strong\u003e — 0.176° resolution per full step for precise positioning\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eULN2003 Driver Included\u003c\/strong\u003e — No additional components needed; connects directly to Arduino GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5V Operation\u003c\/strong\u003e — Powered directly from Arduino 5V pin (at low duty cycle) or external 5V supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArduino Stepper Library\u003c\/strong\u003e — Supported by built-in Arduino Stepper library and AccelStepper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArduino clock mechanism and dial indicator\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCamera pan\/tilt positioning system\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3D printer extruder (low-speed, high-torque)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAutomated valve and damper control\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobotic arm joint positioning\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVending machine dispensing mechanism\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eArduino Wiring \u0026amp; Code\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eConnect IN1–IN4 to Arduino pins 8–11. VCC→5V, GND→GND.\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#include \u0026lt;Stepper.h\u0026gt;\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003eStepper myStepper(2048, 8, 10, 9, 11);\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003emyStepper.setSpeed(10); \/\/ 10 RPM\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003emyStepper.step(2048); \/\/ One full revolution\u003c\/code\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFAQ\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: Can 28BYJ-48 be powered from Arduino’s 5V pin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: For brief movements yes, but continuous operation draws ~400mA (4 phases × 100mA) — exceeding Arduino’s 500mA USB limit. Use an external 5V supply for sustained use.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: What’s the actual gear ratio of 28BYJ-48?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: The nominal ratio is 1:64, but the actual ratio is 63.68395:1, giving 2037.9 steps\/rev in full-step mode. Most projects use 2048 for simplicity.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePackage Contents\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× 28BYJ-48 5V 4-Phase Stepper Motor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× ULN2003 Driver Board\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1× Connecting Cable\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Keszoox","offers":[{"title":"module","offer_id":46991497134315,"sku":"14:10#module","price":6.88,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Motor","offer_id":46991497167083,"sku":"14:350852#Motor","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"motor with module","offer_id":46991497199851,"sku":"14:29#motor with module","price":12.2,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0677\/1005\/8731\/files\/28byj48-stepper-motor-uln2003.webp?v=1761535447"},{"product_id":"uln2003a-sop16-7-channel-darlington-transistor-array-relay-stepper","title":"ULN2003A SOP-16 7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC — Relay \u0026 Stepper Driver (5-Pack)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eULN2003A SOP-16 7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC — Relay \u0026amp; Stepper Motor Driver (5-Pack)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eULN2003A\u003c\/strong\u003e is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array in a \u003cstrong\u003eSOP-16\u003c\/strong\u003e surface-mount package, containing \u003cstrong\u003eseven NPN Darlington pairs\u003c\/strong\u003e each rated at \u003cstrong\u003e50V \/ 500mA\u003c\/strong\u003e with built-in \u003cstrong\u003eflyback protection diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is the standard IC for driving relays, stepper motors, solenoids, and LED arrays from 3.3V\/5V MCU GPIO signals.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eKey Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePart Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eULN2003A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSOP-16 (SMD)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNumber of Channels\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e7 (independent Darlington pairs)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOutput Voltage (Max)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e50V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOutput Current (per channel)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA continuous (600mA peak)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eInput Voltage (Logic HIGH)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2.4V – 5V (TTL\/CMOS compatible)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eInput Current (per channel)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1mA @ VIN=5V\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFlyback Diodes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBuilt-in (one per channel, common anode to COM pin)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSaturation Voltage (VCE(sat))\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~1.1V @ 350mA\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOperating Temperature\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e−40°C to +85°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQuantity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5 pieces\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eULN2003A vs ULN2803A\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFeature\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eULN2003A\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eULN2803A\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eChannels\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePackage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-16 \/ SOP-16\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDIP-18 \/ SOP-18\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eInput Logic\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5V TTL\/CMOS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5V TTL\/CMOS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOutput Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA per channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e500mA per channel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBest For\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStepper motor (28BYJ-48), 7-relay bank\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e8-relay bank, 8-channel driver\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003ch3\u003eWhy Choose ULN2003A?\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e7 Channels in One IC\u003c\/strong\u003e — Drives 7 relays, 7 LEDs, or 4-phase stepper motor from a single package\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBuilt-in Flyback Diodes\u003c\/strong\u003e — Protects MCU from inductive kickback when switching relays and solenoids\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e50V \/ 500mA Per Channel\u003c\/strong\u003e — Handles 5V, 12V, and 24V relay coils and solenoids\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e3.3V\/5V Input Compatible\u003c\/strong\u003e — Directly driven from ESP32, Arduino, Raspberry Pi GPIO\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSOP-16 SMD Package\u003c\/strong\u003e — Compact footprint for modern PCB relay driver designs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTypical Applications\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e28BYJ-48 stepper motor driver (4-phase unipolar, uses 4 of 7 channels)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7-channel relay bank driver from Arduino\/ESP32\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolenoid valve driver for pneumatic and hydraulic systems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh-current LED array driver (up to 500mA per LED string)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLamp and incandescent bulb switching from MCU\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndustrial output module for PLC I\/O expansion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFAQ\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ: How do I connect ULN2003A to drive a 12V relay from Arduino?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA: Connect Arduino GPIO to ULN2003A input pin (IN1–IN7). 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